Credit card fraud detection by adaptive neural data mining

The prevention of credit card fraud is an important application for prediction techniques. One major obstacle for using neural network training techniques is the high necessary diagnostic quality: Since only one financial transaction of a thousand is invalid no prediction success less than 99.9% is acceptable. Due to these credit card transaction proportions complete new concepts had to be developed and tested on real credit card data. This paper shows how advanced data mining techniques and neural network algorithm can be combined successfully to obtain a high fraud coverage combined with a low false alarm rate

Neural data mining for credit card fraud detection

The prevention of credit card fraud is an important application for prediction techniques. One major obstacle for using neural network training techniques is the high necessary diagnostic quality: Since only one financial transaction of a thousand is invalid no prediction success less than 99.9% is acceptable. Due to these credit card transaction proportions complete new concepts had to be developed and tested on real credit card data. This paper shows how advanced data mining techniques and neural network algorithm can be combined successfully to obtain a high fraud coverage combined with a low false alarm rate

TO ERADICATION OF VOLTAGE SAG AND HARMONICS IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM USING DVR WITH CAPACITOR COMPENSATION SCHEME

Power Quality (PQ) is that the most vital perspectives on transmission and distribution ranges. The availability of high-grade electric powered offerings wished for the customers illustrates this idea. The voltage sag and swell square degree the most not unusual PQ problems that in particular rise up in the distribution systems because of the truth that it's going to cause tool tripping, failure of stress systems, closure for home and business instrumentality. The Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) associated nonparallel has amazing dynamic talents and is a flexible solution for PQ troubles. Ultra-capacitors (UCAP) have quality developments like excessive strength and espresso electricity density important for the mitigation of voltage sag and swell. This paper offers AN extended DVR topology capable of handing over deep, prolonged mitigation for power terrific troubles. Within the planned DVR, UCAP is employed as strength storage because it offers immoderate electricity in a totally short c software language length of it gradual. The DVR is protected into Ultra capacitor via a bifacial DC-DC converter which facilitates in supplying a rigid dc-link voltage and conjointly enables in compensating transient voltage sag and voltage swell. PI Controller is hired in DVR for electricity exceptional improvement. The simulation model for the proposed device has been superior in MATLAB and therefore the performance over famous DVR is legitimate with the effects obtained

Global Patterns and Controls of Nutrient Immobilization On Decomposing Cellulose In Riverine Ecosystems

Microbes play a critical role in plant litter decomposition and influence the fate of carbon in rivers and riparian zones. When decomposing low-nutrient plant litter, microbes acquire nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from the environment (i.e., nutrient immobilization), and this process is potentially sensitive to nutrient loading and changing climate. Nonetheless, environmental controls on immobilization are poorly understood because rates are also influenced by plant litter chemistry, which is coupled to the same environmental factors. Here we used a standardized, low-nutrient organic matter substrate (cotton strips) to quantify nutrient immobilization at 100 paired stream and riparian sites representing 11 biomes worldwide. Immobilization rates varied by three orders of magnitude, were greater in rivers than riparian zones, and were strongly correlated to decomposition rates. In rivers, P immobilization rates were controlled by surface water phosphate concentrations, but N immobilization rates were not related to inorganic N. The N:P of immobilized nutrients was tightly constrained to a molar ratio of 10:1 despite wide variation in surface water N:P. Immobilization rates were temperature-dependent in riparian zones but not related to temperature in rivers. However, in rivers nutrient supply ultimately controlled whether microbes could achieve the maximum expected decomposition rate at a given temperature

Metabasic rocks from the Variscan Schwarzwald (SW Germany): metamorphic evolution and igneous protoliths

In the Variscan Schwarzwald metabasic rocks form small bodies included within anatectic plagioclase-biotite gneisses. Many metabasites first underwent an eclogite-facies metamorphism at about 2.0 GPa and 670–700 °C, resulting in the assemblage garnet + omphacite + rutile + quartz ± epidote ± amphibole ± kyanite. Since these eclogites are nearly free of an OH-bearing phase, they underwent almost complete dehydration during subduction, suggesting formation along an average to warm top-of-the-slab geotherm of 10–13 °C/km. The age of the Variscan high-P/high-T metamorphism is > 333 Ma. After partial exhumation from ~ 65 to ~ 15 km depth, the eclogites were overprinted under increasing activity of H2O by a number of retrograde reactions. The degree of this overprint under amphibolite-facies conditions (0.4–0.5 GPa/675–690 °C) was very different. Up to now, only retrograde eclogites have been found, but some samples still contain omphacite. Kyanite is at least partially transformed to aggregates of plagioclase + spinel ± corundum ± sapphirine. On the other hand, there are amphibolites that are extensively recrystallized and show the assemblage amphibole + plagioclase + ilmenite/titanite ± biotite ± quartz ± sulphides. The last relic phase that can be found in such otherwise completely recrystallized amphibolites is rutile. After the amphibolite-facies metamorphism at ~ 333 Ma, the metabasites underwent a number of low-temperature transformations, such as sericitization of plagioclase, chloritization of amphibole, and formation of prehnite. The intimate association of metabasite bodies with gneisses of dominantly meta-greywacke compositions suggests derivation from an active plate margin. This view is corroborated by bulk-rock geochemical data. Excluding elements that were mobile during metamorphism (Cs, Rb, Ba, K, Pb, Sr, U), the concentrations of the remaining elements in most of the metabasites are compatible with a derivation from island-arc tholeiites, back-arc basin basalts or calc-alkaline basalts. Only some samples have MORB precursor rocks.Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg (1026

Metabasic rocks from the Variscan Schwarzwald (SW Germany): metamorphic evolution and igneous protoliths

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>In the Variscan Schwarzwald metabasic rocks form small bodies included within anatectic plagioclase-biotite gneisses. Many metabasites first underwent an eclogite-facies metamorphism at about 2.0 GPa and 670–700 °C, resulting in the assemblage garnet + omphacite + rutile + quartz ± epidote ± amphibole ± kyanite. Since these eclogites are nearly free of an OH-bearing phase, they underwent almost complete dehydration during subduction, suggesting formation along an average to warm top-of-the-slab geotherm of 10–13 °C/km. The age of the Variscan high-<jats:italic>P</jats:italic>/high-<jats:italic>T</jats:italic> metamorphism is > 333 Ma. After partial exhumation from ~ 65 to ~ 15 km depth, the eclogites were overprinted under increasing activity of H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O by a number of retrograde reactions. The degree of this overprint under amphibolite-facies conditions (0.4–0.5 GPa/675–690 °C) was very different. Up to now, only retrograde eclogites have been found, but some samples still contain omphacite. Kyanite is at least partially transformed to aggregates of plagioclase + spinel ± corundum ± sapphirine. On the other hand, there are amphibolites that are extensively recrystallized and show the assemblage amphibole + plagioclase + ilmenite/titanite ± biotite ± quartz ± sulphides. The last relic phase that can be found in such otherwise completely recrystallized amphibolites is rutile. After the amphibolite-facies metamorphism at ~ 333 Ma, the metabasites underwent a number of low-temperature transformations, such as sericitization of plagioclase, chloritization of amphibole, and formation of prehnite. The intimate association of metabasite bodies with gneisses of dominantly meta-greywacke compositions suggests derivation from an active plate margin. This view is corroborated by bulk-rock geochemical data. Excluding elements that were mobile during metamorphism (Cs, Rb, Ba, K, Pb, Sr, U), the concentrations of the remaining elements in most of the metabasites are compatible with a derivation from island-arc tholeiites, back-arc basin basalts or calc-alkaline basalts. Only some samples have MORB precursor rocks.</jats:p&gt

Infrared Absorption Imaging of Water Ingress Into the Encapsulation of (Opto-)Electronic Devices

Water ingress into the encapsulation of electronic devices is a serious issue, especially for organic and perovskite-based electronics. In order to guide the development of suitable barrier materials and design, a reliable, fast and non-destructive analysis tool is required. In this work, an imaging setup is presented, which is based on selective infrared (IR) radiation sources and a mid- IR sensitive camera that uses the absorption band of water around 1920 nm and a reference band. This system enables us to monitor the distribution of water concentration inside the packaging of devices and its change over time. Our measurement is capable of detecting the local presence of water down to the mg/m 2 concentration range in a wide variety of encapsulation materials. The new tool allows identifying the pathways of moisture ingress into the encapsulation along with the corresponding diffusion coefficient. Thus, it provides fast and reliable analysis of humidity related failure mechanisms and consequently helps to improve the design of encapsulation materials and processes